Hi
REST (Representational State Transfer) is an easy way to query your data in SharePoint 2010, but you can also add data to SharePoint this way. It is used in situations where you would use a web service but don’t want the overhead and tightly-coupled nature of SOAP. REST is a very simple client-server-like request using HTTP to retrieve or send information. Have a closer look here.
In order to use REST/Data Services with SharePoint 2010, ADO.NET Data Services 1.5 must be installed on your server. ADO.NET Data Services 1.5 and SharePoint 2010 allow developers to write applications against SharePoint Lists using the familiar Data Services Client programming model. For more details see here.
A very simple example, on how to use REST, could look like this:
http://sp2010a/teamsite/_vti_bin/listdata.svc/Contacts
Or perhaps just a single contact (in this case, the one with ID = 1)
http://sp2010a/teamsite/_vti_bin/listdata.svc/Contacts(1)
Best regards
Happy SharePoint 2010 explorer, Jacob